Confusion and altered behaviour? Cause

BIPP madness; an iatrogenic cause of acute confusion.

An 81-year-old man, admitted under the Ear, Nose and Throat Team with persistent epistaxis, developed an acute confusional state. He was previously physically independent and mentally competent. Immediate investigations did not reveal a cause for his deterioration. He eventually made a full recovery and returned home. Subsequently, his serum bismuth level was noted to be within the toxic range ...

Predator confusion is sufficient to evolve swarming behaviour

Swarming behaviours in animals have been extensively studied owing to their implications for the evolution of cooperation, social cognition and predator– prey dynamics. An important goal of these studies is discerning which evolutionary pressures favour the formation of swarms. One hypothesis is that swarms arise because the presence of multiple moving prey in swarms causes confusion for attack...

Incomplete cryoactivation of human renin: a cause of confusion?

Epilepsy--another cause of intermittent fever with confusion.

The problem of recurring episodes of fever and confusion in an 83 year old man was found to be due to epilepsy. He was treated with carbamazepine which abolished the attacks. Epilepsy-induced fever is a difficult diagnosis to make, and electroencephalogram can be invaluable in making the diagnosis.

Kleine-Levin syndrome: a cause of diagnostic confusion.

The case is described of a boy with the Kleine-Levin syndrome in whom prominent behavioural disturbances and the initial absence of a clear cyclical pattern obscured the diagnosis. Treatment with lithium was effective.